气溶胶激光雷达的国内外研究进展与展望

气溶胶激光雷达的国内外研究进展与展望 An overview of aerosol lidar： Progress and prospect 1 2 first-author 黄忠伟，研究方向为大气探测、生物气溶胶观测。E-mail：huangzhongwei@lzu.edu.cn 黄忠伟，研究方向为大气探测、生物气溶胶观测。E-mail：huangzhongwei@lzu.edu.cn huangzhongwei@lzu.edu.cn 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 兰州大学 西部生态安全省部共建协同创新中心, 兰州 730000 兰州大学 西部生态安全省部共建协同创新中心, 兰州 730000 Collaborative Innovation Center for West Ecological Safety (CIWES), Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China Collaborative Innovation Center for West Ecological Safety (CIWES), Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China 兰州大学 大气科学学院 半干旱气候变化教育部重点实验室, 兰州 730000 兰州大学 大气科学学院 半干旱气候变化教育部重点实验室, 兰州 730000 Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000, China Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000, China 大气气溶胶具有显著的环境与气侯效应，而定量评估上述效应需要准确了解气溶胶物理化学光学性质的时空分布特征。过去几十年，激光雷达已被国内外学者广泛应用于气溶胶探测研究，主要依赖于其在探测范围、时空分辨率等方面具有独特的技术优势。本文主要总结激光雷达在探测气溶胶方面的国内外研究进展，首先简要介绍可用于探测气溶胶的主要激光雷达类型，然后分别根据气溶胶大小、组分、浓度、形状、光学性质等关键信息介绍相关研究进展，最后进行总结并对气溶胶激光雷达发展进行了展望。 Aerosols, solid or liquid particles suspended in the atmosphere, are an important component in the troposphere. It is well known that atmospheric aerosols have significant impacts on environment, climate and ecosystem. Thus, the knowledge of the spatial-temporal distribution and evolution of aerosol physical-chemical-optical properties with high resolution is of great importance to quantitatively and accurately assess their climate and environmental effects. As an advanced remote sensing technology, lidar has been widely used to observe aerosol properties around the world, which is mainly attributed as its unique advantages in large detection range and high spatial-temporal resolutions. The basic principle of lidar remote sensing is that after sending lasers to the atmosphere backscattering signals from aerosols can be detected and further analyzed. This paper summarizes the research progress of lidar for detecting atmospheric aerosol over the past decades from three aspects: Firstly, the main types of lidar that can be used for atmospheric aerosol detection are briefly introduced, such as Mie scattering lidar, polarized lidar, Raman lidar, high spectral resolution lidar, fluorescent lidar, etc. They usually employ several principles of physics, such as Mie scattering, Raman scattering and fluorescence scattering. Secondly, the lidar-based research progress of aerosol properties at home and aboard, such as optical properties (e.g., extinction/backscattering coefficient, lidar ratio, aerosol optical depth, Ångström exponent), size (e.g., color ratio), shape (e.g., depolarization ratio), composition (e.g., dust, smoke, sulfate, etc.), and concentration (e.g., mass concentration), are individually introduced. Finally, with the advances of photoelectric technology, artificial intelligence, and precision machining technology in recent years, the future development of aerosol lidar is prospected in this review paper. Lidar will be more miniaturized and intelligent, making it easier to carry on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle platforms. Abundant aerosol parameter inversion algorithms will be established. More ground-based lidar observation network and space-borne lidar projects will be established and improved successively. 激光雷达 气溶胶 大气遥感 遥感 Lidar aerosol atmospheric remote sensing remote sensing 1　引言 1 气溶胶是大气中的重要组分，对气候、环境、生态系统均有重要的影响（Andreae和 Crutzen，1997； 毛节泰 等，2002 毛节泰 等，2002 ； 石广玉 等，2008 石广玉 等，2008 ； Bi等，2014 Bi等，2014 ； Huang等，2014 Huang等，2014 ）。而要准确评估其气候与环境效应，必须获知它们物理化学光学特性的时空分布及其演变规律。不同地区、不同季节及在不同的高度上，气溶胶性质有着显著的差异，使得气溶胶研究存在很大不确定性（ Aloyan等，1997 Aloyan等，1997 ）。 由于具有探测距离远、相干性好、时空分辨率高等独特技术优势，激光雷达成为气溶胶研究领域的不可或缺手段。激光雷达结合了传统雷达技术和现代激光技术，是常规地面监测技术的有力补充，可探测气溶胶垂直分布及其快速变化（ 周军 等，1998 周军 等，1998 ， 2000 2000 ； 邹炳芳 等，2008 邹炳芳 等，2008 ； 赵一鸣 等，2014 赵一鸣 等，2014 ）。1963年，世界首台红宝石米散射激光雷达诞生于美国（Fiocco和 Smullin，1963）。1966年，中国科学院大气物理研究所与上海光学精密机械研究所共同研制中国第一台大气探测激光雷达（ 王青梅和张以谟，2006 王青梅和张以谟，2006 ）。随着探测业务需求与光电技术的快速发展，中国多家科研院所也开展了大量的大气探测激光雷达的仪器研发与应用研究，例如，中国科学院安徽光学精密机械研究所、上海光学精密机械研究所、武汉物理与数学研究所，西安理工大学、武汉大学、中国海洋大学、浙江大学、兰州大学等（ Gong等，2015 Gong等，2015 ； 吕达仁 等，1977 吕达仁 等，1977 ； 刘金涛 等，2003 刘金涛 等，2003 ； 程学武 等，2007 程学武 等，2007 ； 毛建东 等，2010 毛建东 等，2010 ； 刘东 等，2013 刘东 等，2013 ； 闫庆 等，2013 闫庆 等，2013 ； 周天 等，2013 周天 等，2013 ； 黄寒璐 等，2014 黄寒璐 等，2014 ； 冯长中 等，2018 冯长中 等，2018 ； Huang等，2020 Huang等，2020 ），有力推动了中国大气探测激光雷达的发展，并逐步引领国际激光雷达领域的技术前沿。 当前，激光雷达已被广泛应用于地基观测网与卫星观测，获得连续、可靠的区域或全球气溶胶光学物理特性观测数据资料。例如，美国宇航局（NASA）建设以全自动运行的微脉冲米散射激光雷达为主的MPLNET（ Welton等，2018 Welton等，2018 ），欧洲航空局（ESA）主导建设的以拉曼激光雷达系统为主的欧洲激光雷达观测网EARLINET（ Pappalardo等，2014 Pappalardo等，2014 ），日本科研机构建设的以偏振激光雷达为主的东亚沙尘观测激光雷达网AD-net（ Murayama等，2001 Murayama等，2001 ； Sugimoto等，2018 Sugimoto等，2018 ），以及全球大气成分变化探测网NDACC（ De Mazière等，2018 De Mazière等，2018 ）、美国东部激光雷达观测网REALM（ Hoff等，2005 Hoff等，2005 ）、独联体激光雷达网CIS-LINET（ Chaikovsky等，2006 Chaikovsky等，2006 ）等。此外，近年来星载激光雷达的发展也越来越快。1994年，搭载发现号航天飞机升空的LITE激光雷达是世界上第一台星载激光雷达（ McCormick和Hostetler，1995 McCormick和Hostetler，1995 ）。2006-04，CALIPSO卫星搭载全球首个星载云与气溶胶激光雷达（CALIOP）成功投入使用。CALIOP采用532 nm和1064 nm两个波长，拥有偏振探测能力可更准确地区分云和气溶胶类型，为气溶胶—云—气候效应评估提供了全球气溶胶的三维时空分布（ Vaughan等，2004 Vaughan等，2004 ； Winker等，2007 Winker等，2007 ）。 激光雷达已成为国内外大气探测的重要手段，在探测气溶胶物理光学特性取得了长足的进步。本文主要总结国内外在气溶胶激光雷达硬件研发、算法开发以及大气遥感与环境监测应用等方面的研究进展。 2　激光雷达基本探测原理 1 气溶胶激光雷达的主要探测原理是激光器向大气中发射的激光被气溶胶、空气分子散射与吸收后，其中散射回波信号被天文望远镜接收，然后通过精细分光、提取再使用光电探测器转换成电信号，采用高速数据采集卡获得数据并保存，最后进行数据处理与反演就可以得到气溶胶特征信息，如 图1 图1 所示。通常情况下，激光雷达系统包括激光发射、信号接收探测与数据采集处理等3个子系统。 激光发射子系统包括激光器和扩束器。按照工作物质类型不同，激光器可分为固体、半导体、染料和气体激光器；扩束器可扩大激光光斑，同时使得发散角变小。信号接收子系统包括望远镜、光阑、分光镜、探测器等。常用望远镜有牛顿反射式望远镜、卡塞格林反射式望远镜；光阑放置在望远镜的焦点，可减少天空背景噪声和多次散射效应影响；目前探测器主要使用雪崩二极管（APD），光电倍增管（PMT）以及电荷耦合器件（CCD）等。数据采集子系统包括高速数据采集卡、电脑等。有两种数据采集方式：一是模数转换技术，具有高线性度的特点，常用于采集强回波信号；二是光子计数技术，具有高灵敏度的特点，适合微弱回波信号。通常情况下，同时使用两种采集技术，提高探测信号动态范围，有效提升激光雷达探测能力。常用的气溶胶激光雷达类型，如 表1 表1 所示。 激光雷达类型 探测原理 特点 米散射激光雷达 米散射 没有能量交换，不发生频移，散射前后波长不发生变化 偏振激光雷达 米散射+偏振 通过偏振晶体将信号分为平行的P通道和垂直的S通道 拉曼激光雷达 拉曼散射 非弹性散射过程，发生频率漂移 高光谱分辨率激光雷达 米散射+瑞利散射 通过滤波器（F-P干涉仪、原子\分子吸收滤波器、FWMI） 荧光激光雷达 紫外激光诱导荧光 激光与气溶胶相互作用的能级跃迁造成荧光效应 2.1　米散射激光雷达 2 米散射激光雷达是激光雷达中发展的最成熟、应用最广泛的类型。当散射粒子尺寸与激光波长相当的时候发生米散射现象，其特点是散射前后波长没有变化，大气中与激光发生米散射的主要是气溶胶与云。由于其散射截面较大，通常米散射激光雷达的回波信号较强。 在使用激光雷达的数据反演气溶胶消光系数或后向散射系数之前，需要先对原始数据进行一系列订正，依次包括背景噪声、距离平方及几何重叠因子等订正（ 黄忠伟，2012 黄忠伟，2012 ）。一般选取高空无气溶胶的区域信号平均值作为背景信号，将回波信号减去该平均值即完成背景噪声订正，然后把观测数据乘以对应探测距离的平方即可完成距离平方订正。由于发射场与接收场的交迭并不完全重合，导致在近距离只有部分信号被探测，需对此进行信号修正，因而准确地订正几何重迭因子极为重要。目前常用的几何重叠因子获取方法有解析法、水平实验法及拉曼观测法等。把经过距离订正的信号除以几何重叠因子，就可完成该订正步骤。 利用米散射激光雷达数据反演气溶胶消光系数，需要先假定雷达比（LR），即气溶胶消光系数与后向散射系数之比，由气溶胶组分、大小、形状与湿度等因子决定。不同类型气溶胶的雷达比，如 表2 表2 所示。 气溶胶类型 地点 532 nm激光雷达比/sr 参考文献 20 沙尘 40 马盈盈（2009） 敦煌（中国） 34 华雯丽（2018） 安眠岛（韩国 春季） 48±22 Noh（2007） 安眠岛（韩国 秋季） 61±6 Noh（2007） 东京（日本） 47±18 Sakai(2003) 4 撒哈拉沙漠 55±10 Müller(2003) 63±6 Groβ（2011） 50±11 Berjón（2019） 49.5±36.8 7 Kim（2018） 地中海 44.4±15.9 大西洋中部 40.3±12.4 阿拉伯海 37.5±12.1 塔克拉玛干沙漠 35.5±31.1 (澳大利亚) 35.4±34.4 阿拉伯沙漠 42.5±12.4 46.5±10.5 Liu(2002) 44±9 CALIPSO 50 Sugimoto(2006) 40-58 Burton(2012) 43-53 Groβ(2013) 7 烟尘 98 王向川（2005） 安眠岛（韩国 春季） 58±4 Noh（2007） 安眠岛（韩国 秋季） 66±9 Noh（2007） 东京（日本） 60 Murayama(2004) 70±16 CALIPSO 30-50 Burton(2012) 52-86 Groβ(2013) 3 霾 广州（中国） 46.7±5.6 Ansmann(2005) 50-70 Burton(2012) 50-62 Groβ(2013) 5 海洋气溶胶 20 马盈盈（2009） 28（5） 张朝阳（2013） 23±5 CALIPSO 15-25 Burton(2012) 13-23 Groβ(2013) 3 生物质燃烧 70 马盈盈（2009） 60（8） 张朝阳（2013） 莱比锡（德国） 52.3±16.6 Müller(2004) 2 大陆清洁气溶胶 俄克拉荷马（美国） 68±12 Ferrare(2001) 70±25 CALIPSO 4 火山灰/硫酸盐颗粒 普耶韦（智利） 69±13 萨里切夫（俄罗斯） 63±14 Prata（2017） 卡萨托奇（美国） 66±19 44±9 CALIPSO 米散射激光雷达方程为 <math display="block" id="M1"><mi>P</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>C</mi><mo>·</mo><mi>E</mi><mo>·</mo><mi>O</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced><mi>β</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn><msubsup><mo>∫</mo><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn></mrow><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></msubsup><mrow><mi>σ</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced><mi>d</mi><mi>z</mi></mrow></mrow></msup></mrow><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>+</mo><msub><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626103&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626086&type= 57.31933212 10.24466610 式中， P 为激光雷达回波信号强度， C 是雷达常数， E 是发射激光脉冲能量， O （ z ）是几何重叠因子， <math id="M2"><mi>σ</mi></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626127&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626145&type= 2.45533323 2.62466669 与 <math id="M3"><mi>β</mi></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626129&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626147&type= 1.86266661 3.38666677 分别是大气总消光系数和总后向散射系数， Z 是探测距离， P B 是接收背景信号。目前求解米散射激光雷达方程的方法主要有Fernald和Klett法。 （1）Fernald法。假设大气由空气分子和气溶胶两部分组成，于是大气消光系数（后向散射系数）也是由大气分子和气溶胶两部分的消光系数（后向射射系数）共同组成。因此，气溶胶后向散射系数反演方程为（ Fernald，1984 Fernald，1984 ； Welton和Campbell，2002 Welton和Campbell，2002 ） <math display="block" id="M4"><msub><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><msub><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>+</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>X</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow></mfenced><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>A</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>I</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>I</mi><mo>+</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mrow></mfenced></mrow></mfenced></mrow><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi>X</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>I</mi><mo>+</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mrow></mfenced></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>I</mi><mo>+</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mrow></mfenced><mo>+</mo><msub><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>I</mi><mo>+</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mrow></mfenced></mrow></mfrac><mo>+</mo><msub><mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>X</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>I</mi><mo>+</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mrow></mfenced><mo>+</mo><mi>X</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow></mfenced><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>A</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>I</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>I</mi><mo>+</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mrow></mfenced></mrow></mfenced></mrow></mfenced><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>Z</mi></mrow></mfrac></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626111&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626097&type= 126.57666016 15.23999977 式中， <math id="M5"><mi>A</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>I</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>I</mi><mo>+</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mrow></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>-</mo><msub><mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></mfenced><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>+</mo><msub><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>I</mi><mo>+</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mrow></mfenced></mrow></mfenced><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>Z</mi></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626101&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626113&type= 66.37866211 5.24933338 ， <math id="M6"><msub><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626118&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626116&type= 3.04800010 4.48733330 ， <math id="M7"><msub><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626136&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626133&type= 3.04800010 4.48733330 分别是气溶胶与空气分子的后向散射系数， <math id="M8"><msub><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626136&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626133&type= 3.04800010 4.48733330 可以由美国标准大气模式或探空资料的空气分子密度计算； X 是经过背景去除、距离平方订正、几何重叠因子订正之后的回波信号强度；∆ Z 是激光雷达距离分辨率； I 是探测距离； <math id="M9"><msub><mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626140&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626138&type= 3.04800010 3.72533321 ， <math id="M10"><msub><mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626124&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626123&type= 3.04800010 3.72533321 分别是气溶胶和空气分子的激光雷达比，且 <math id="M11"><msub><mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">8</mn><mi mathvariant="normal">π</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></mrow></mfrac></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626144&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626143&type= 12.61533356 7.36600018 。 （2）Klett法。假设气溶胶消光系数 <math id="M12"><mi>σ</mi></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626127&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626145&type= 2.45533323 2.62466669 与后向散射系数 <math id="M13"><mi>β</mi></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626129&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626147&type= 1.86266661 3.38666677 存在如下关系（Collis和 Russell，1976； Klett，1981 Klett，1981 ）： <math display="block" id="M14"><mi>β</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>C</mi><msup><mrow><mi>σ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>k</mi></mrow></msup></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626148&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626130&type= 12.02266598 3.64066648 式中， C 为常数， k 受气溶胶物理化学特性和入射激光波长影响，通常情况下 k 取值范围为0.67—1.0。 将 式（3） 式（3） 代入激光雷达方程，解得： <math display="block" id="M15"><mi>σ</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>X</mi><mo>-</mo><msub><mrow><mi>X</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></mfenced><mo>/</mo><mi>k</mi></mrow></mfenced></mrow><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>σ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mrow></msubsup><mo>+</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow><mrow><mi>k</mi></mrow></mfrac><mstyle displaystyle="true"><munderover><mo>∫</mo><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></munderover></mstyle><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>X</mi><mo>-</mo><msub><mrow><mi>X</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></mfenced><mo>/</mo><mi>k</mi></mrow></mfenced><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi><msubsup><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow><mrow/><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">'</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow></mrow></mfrac></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626150&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626149&type= 57.99666977 17.86466599 式中， X 为已订正处理后的激光雷达数据， <math id="M16"><msub><mrow><mi>Z</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626152&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626151&type= 3.89466691 3.72533321 往往是最大探测距离或者气溶胶浓度很低的高度。 k 值的确定主要通过两个步骤，一是采用不同 k 值反演气溶胶消光系数随高度的变化值及其垂直分布趋势。一般认为只要有气溶胶粒子存在，消光系数大于零，所以若反演的消光系数存在负值或者随高度升高出现明显振荡，便可缩小 k 的取值范围。二是通过太阳光度计结果和激光雷达反演光学厚度比较差异性，当差值近似为零时，可精确 k 值如 表3 表3 所示（ 王治华 等，2006 王治华 等，2006 ； 张文煜 等，2008 张文煜 等，2008 ； 张京朋 等，2016 张京朋 等，2016 ；孙海波，2017）。 2 参数 k (km -1 ) 3 不同天气 阴天 雾天 晴天 0.7 0.4423 0.6125 0.1352 0.8 0.4465 0.6864 0.1257 0.9 0.3539 0.7244 0.0985 1.0 0.0885 0.6771 0.0511 2.2　偏振激光雷达 2 偏振激光雷达探测原理是发射线偏振激光与气溶胶发生散射，非球形粒子会改变激光偏振方向。当回波信号经过偏振晶体（PBS）后，被分为与发射激光偏振方向平行的P通道和垂直的S通道。其中，气溶胶退偏比δ可定义为S通道信号 <math id="M17"><msub><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>⊥</mo></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626131&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626155&type= 3.80999994 3.72533321 与P通道信号 <math id="M18"><msub><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="false">|</mo><mo stretchy="false">|</mo></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626163&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626132&type= 3.38666677 3.72533321 之比，其方程如下： <math display="block" id="M19"><mi>δ</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">z</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mi>K</mi><mfrac><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>⊥</mo></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="false">|</mo><mo stretchy="false">|</mo></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced></mrow></mfrac></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626165&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626164&type= 23.53733444 9.48266602 式中， K 为偏振订正系数，由两个偏振探测通道的光学和电子学增益差别造成（ 刘东 等，2003 刘东 等，2003 ）。一般来说，球形粒子的退偏比为零，而非球形粒子的退偏比大于零。 由于两个偏振通道光电效率不一定相等，即 K 往往不等于1，需要进行有效定标。目前常用的偏振订正方法（ 李保卫 等，2019 李保卫 等，2019 ）有：一是大气分子法，利用大气分子的退偏比作为已知量，再获取某一高度退偏比实际值。该值与大气分子退偏比的比值即为两通道订正系数；二是半波片法，在偏振晶体之前插入半波片，通过半波片使P、S通道发生旋转，比较前后偏振信号的差异进而完成定标（ Freudenthaler等，2009 Freudenthaler等，2009 ）。 2.3　拉曼激光雷达 2 拉曼散射是激光与大气分子之间的一种非弹性散射过程，在相互作用中散射光因为分子内部结构的振动发生频率漂移，导致散射光波长与入射光波长不一致。目前一般使用短波飘移部分，常用波长为355 nm，532 nm。大气中各种主要气体的拉曼频移量为：氧气（1556 cm -1 ），氮气（2331 cm -1 ），水汽（3652 cm -1 ）。拉曼激光雷达探测气溶胶利用大气中高度分布稳定的氮气分子振动拉曼散射信号只受气溶胶消光影响的特点，在无需激光雷达比、边界条件假设条件下实现对气溶胶光学特性的精细探测，从而减小误差（ 高飞 等，2017 高飞 等，2017 ）。由于拉曼信号比较弱，比米散射信号要小3—4个量级，且散射截面小，受背景噪音影响大，不适合白天探测（ 刘东 等，2015 刘东 等，2015 ）。所以必须对噪音进行有效抑制，一般使用高灵敏度的PMT和光子计数进行信号探测。拉曼激光雷达方程为如下所示： <math display="block" id="M20"><mtable columnalign="left"><mtr><mtd><mi>P</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>=</mo><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi></mrow></msub><mfrac><mrow><mi>Y</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced></mrow><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac><mi>N</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced><msub><mrow><mi>σ</mi></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></msub><mo>×</mo></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mo>-</mo><msubsup><mo>∫</mo><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn></mrow><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></msubsup><mrow><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msup><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">'</mi></mrow></msup></mrow></mfenced><mo>+</mo><msub><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msup><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">'</mi></mrow></msup></mrow></mfenced></mrow></mfenced><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi><msup><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">'</mi></mrow></msup></mrow></mrow></mfenced><mo>×</mo></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mo>-</mo><msubsup><mo>∫</mo><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn></mrow><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></msubsup><mrow><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msup><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">'</mi></mrow></msup></mrow></mfenced><mo>+</mo><msub><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msup><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">'</mi></mrow></msup></mrow></mfenced></mrow></mfenced><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi><msup><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">'</mi></mrow></msup></mrow></mrow></mfenced></mtd></mtr></mtable></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626172&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626170&type= 72.22066498 28.95599937 式中， <math id="M21"><mi>P</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626158&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626157&type= 12.95400047 5.24933338 为拉曼通道回波信号， <math id="M22"><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626160&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626159&type= 3.72533321 3.72533321 为经过氮分子拉曼散射后的波长， <math id="M23"><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626162&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626161&type= 3.55599999 3.72533321 为激光波长， <math id="M24"><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626179&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626178&type= 3.80999994 3.72533321 为拉曼通道的雷达常数， <math id="M25"><mi>Y</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626181&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626180&type= 7.53533268 3.72533321 为雷达接收视场角内的重叠系数， <math id="M26"><mi>N</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626174&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626182&type= 7.78933382 3.72533321 为高度 z 处的氮气分子数密度， <math id="M27"><msub><mrow><mi>σ</mi></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626183&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626175&type= 4.65666676 4.06400013 为氮气分子后向散射截面， <math id="M28"><msub><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626187&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626185&type= 13.80066681 5.24933338 和 <math id="M29"><msub><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626193&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626177&type= 14.05466747 5.24933338 分别为高度 z 处的大气分子在 <math id="M30"><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626195&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626194&type= 3.55599999 3.72533321 、 <math id="M31"><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626197&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626196&type= 3.72533321 3.72533321 的消光系数， <math id="M32"><msub><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626199&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626198&type= 13.29266548 5.24933338 和 <math id="M33"><msub><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626201&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626200&type= 13.46199989 5.24933338 分别为高度 z 处的大气气溶胶分子在 <math id="M34"><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626203&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626202&type= 3.55599999 3.72533321 、 <math id="M35"><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626216&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626215&type= 3.72533321 3.72533321 的消光系数。 拉曼方法求解气溶胶消光系数的公式为（Ansman等，1992） <math display="block" id="M36"><mtable columnalign="left"><mtr><mtd><msub><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">z</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>=</mo></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mfrac><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfrac><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msubsup><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>/</mo><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msup><mi>P</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced></mrow></mfenced></mrow></mfenced><mo>-</mo><msub><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi><mo>,</mo><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></mfenced><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo>+</mo><msup><mrow><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></mfenced></mrow><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfenced></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo>+</mo><msup><mrow><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></mfenced></mrow><mrow><mo>-</mo><mi>ν</mi></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac></mtd></mtr></mtable></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626207&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626206&type= 81.19533539 21.50533485 式中， <math id="M37"><msubsup><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msubsup><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626209&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626208&type= 8.72066593 3.72533321 是高度为 z 处的氮气分子数密度，一般氮气在大气中含量比较稳定常用作参考值，可以利用标准大气模式获得。 <math id="M38"><msub><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626188&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626210&type= 8.55133343 4.14866638 、 <math id="M39"><msubsup><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi></mrow><mrow/></msubsup><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626212&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626211&type= 7.95866632 3.72533321 分别是高度 z 处的大气分子和气溶胶消光系数。 <math id="M40"><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626214&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626213&type= 3.55599999 3.72533321 、 <math id="M41"><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626216&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626215&type= 3.72533321 3.72533321 分别为激发波长和拉曼散射波长。气溶胶消光波长指数V一般取1。 此外，可选择石英作为探测矿物气溶胶的示踪剂，利用拉曼激光雷达探测二氧化硅的拉曼散射，估计气溶胶中石英或沙尘的质量浓度（ Tatarov和Sugimoto，2005 Tatarov和Sugimoto，2005 ； Tatarov等，2008 Tatarov等，2008 ）。由于石英的拉曼后向散射系数几乎是恒定的。在探测矿物气溶胶，特别是在球形和非球形气溶胶的混合情况下，这种方法相较于偏振探测方法具有显著的优势，且有助于表征大气气溶胶和矿物粉尘的研究，对区分沙尘和冰云特别有用。 2.4　高光谱分辨率激光雷达 2 由于米散射激光雷达反演气溶胶参数的精度较低，而拉曼激光雷达又由于信号较弱，白天探测能力受限。Fiocco和DeWolf于1968年提出了高光谱分辨率激光雷达（HSRL）（Dewolf和 DeWolf，1968）。其基本原理是利用大气气溶胶粒子和大气分子光谱宽度的不同，使用窄带滤光器将回波信号的大气气分子瑞利散射和气溶胶米散射分开，从而实现气溶胶的高精度精细探测（ 刘东 等，2015 刘东 等，2015 ），如 图3 图3 所示。 分离后的空气分子信号和气溶胶信号光子数为（ 刘东 等，2015 刘东 等，2015 ） <math display="block" id="M42"><msub><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>=</mo><msub><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi></mrow></msub><msup><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msup><mi>O</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow></mfenced><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>+</mo><msub><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow></mfenced></mrow></mfenced><mo>×</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn><mstyle displaystyle="true"><munderover><mo>∫</mo><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn></mrow><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow></munderover></mstyle><mrow><mi>α</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">'</mi></mrow></msup></mrow></mfenced></mrow><mi>d</mi><msup><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">'</mi></mrow></msup></mrow></mfenced></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626221&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626220&type= 100.07599640 11.09133339 <math display="block" id="M43"><mtable columnalign="left"><mtr><mtd><msub><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>=</mo><msub><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi></mrow></msub><msup><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msup><mi>O</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow></mfenced><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>+</mo><msub><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow></mfenced></mrow></mfenced><mo>×</mo></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn><mstyle displaystyle="true"><munderover><mo>∫</mo><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn></mrow><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow></munderover></mstyle><mrow><mi>α</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">'</mi></mrow></msup></mrow></mfenced></mrow><mi>d</mi><msup><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">'</mi></mrow></msup></mrow></mfenced></mtd></mtr></mtable></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626223&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626222&type= 68.74933624 18.11866570 式中， <math id="M44"><msub><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626225&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626224&type= 5.33400011 3.72533321 和 <math id="M45"><msub><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626227&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626226&type= 4.91066647 3.72533321 包含了所有与测量高度无关的系统常数； <math id="M46"><msub><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626229&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626228&type= 3.55599999 4.57200003 和 <math id="M47"><msub><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626231&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626230&type= 4.06400013 4.57200003 分别为分子通道中气溶胶信号和分子信号的通过率； <math id="M48"><msub><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626233&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626232&type= 2.96333337 4.57200003 和 <math id="M49"><msub><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626235&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626234&type= 3.55599999 4.57200003 分别为气溶胶通道中气溶胶信号和分子信号的通过率，这些参数均可通过实验前的校准过程获得。又因为 <math id="M50"><msub><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626237&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626236&type= 4.91066647 4.48733330 可以根据大气密度直接计算得到，所以通过 式（8） 式（8） 和 式（9） 式（9） 即可反演得到气溶胶后向散射系数 <math id="M51"><msub><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626239&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626238&type= 4.48733330 4.48733330 以及气溶胶消光系数 <math id="M52"><msub><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626241&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626240&type= 4.74133301 3.72533321 的值。 HSRL是一种将以精细分光技术为核心的激光雷达，具有较高的光谱分辨能力。而目前为了实现激光系统的小型化，促进星载HSRL的发展，将多纵模激光器应用于HRSL也是一大热点（ 成中涛 等，2017 成中涛 等，2017 ），这一技术不需要对谐振腔实施精密控制，极大地提高了激光器的稳定性和环境适应性。鉴频技术是HSRL实现对大气参数精确探测的关键所在，其核心是滤波器，主要有F-P干涉仪滤光器、原子/分子吸收滤光器以及视场展宽迈克尔逊干涉滤光器（FWMI）等。1983年Wisconsin大学的第1台基于F-P干涉仪的HSRL（ Shipley等，1983 Shipley等，1983 ）。 Shimizu等（1983） Shimizu等（1983） 提出了在HSRL中使用窄带原子吸收滤波器测量大气参数的概念，利用原子或分子的特征吸收峰实现对米散射和瑞利散射的分离。之后钡原子吸收滤光器、碘分子吸收滤光器相继被应用； Hair等（2001 Hair等（2001 ， 2008） 2008） 分别利用碘分子吸收滤光器搭建了HSRL对大气参数进行测量。目前碘吸收滤波器是应用最多、性能最好的滤波器，但使用要求高和适用范围较小，所以HSRL的发展还是受限于硬件稳定性。 碘吸收滤波器所测到的两个通道的后向散射信号强度为 <math display="block" id="M53"><msub><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>M</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">z</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>=</mo><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>M</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>+</mo><msub><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced></mrow></mfenced><msup><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msup><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626243&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626242&type= 50.03799820 5.16466665 <math display="block" id="M54"><msub><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">z</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>=</mo><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced><msub><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>+</mo><msub><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced><msub><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced></mrow></mfenced><msup><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msup><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626245&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626244&type= 66.04000092 5.16466665 式中， <math id="M55"><mi>T</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>=</mo><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626247&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626246&type= 28.53266525 4.14866638 ； <math id="M56"><msub><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626249&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626248&type= 2.20133328 4.57200003 、 <math id="M57"><msub><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626251&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626250&type= 2.45533323 4.57200003 分别为激光、气溶胶与碘分子光谱的卷积结果和激光、大气分子散射和碘分子光谱卷积的结果； <math id="M58"><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>M</mi></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626253&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626252&type= 3.97933316 3.72533321 、 <math id="M59"><msubsup><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow/></msubsup></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626255&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626254&type= 3.64066648 4.06400013 分别为两路的系统常数，其中包括激光能量、光学效率、探测器的量子效率和激光雷达的距离因子等。对式（ 10 10 ）、（ 11 11 ）两式进行相除，就可以得到气溶胶后向散射比 R ： <math display="block" id="M60"><msub><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>+</mo><msub><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced></mrow></mfenced><mo>/</mo><msub><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626257&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626256&type= 46.22800064 5.16466665 2.5　荧光激光雷达 2 荧光激光雷达常被用于探测生物气溶胶。与拉曼散射相似，荧光效应是激光与大气分子或原子相互作用的能级跃迁造成的，并且荧光效应产生的是连续较宽光谱。紫外激光诱导荧光技术可通过不同种类生物气溶胶的吸收光谱和发射光谱，将有机粒子从无机气溶胶粒子区分出来，再经过比较不同固有荧光谱带的光谱强度，进行反演计算，获得生物气溶胶的相关信息。多数生物气溶胶主要的组成成分为芳香族氨基酸和辅酶，荧光光谱范围多在200—600 nm（ 饶志敏 等，2017 饶志敏 等，2017 ）。为了保证回波信号质量要求尽可能的避免杂散光的影响，提高荧光回波强度，一般激光发射波长选择为266 nm或355 nm。 荧光光谱强度受温度、pH值、激光能量、气溶胶浓度的影响。在实际应用中，荧光雷达回波信号的强度较弱，探测距离有限，一般采用光子计数法探测，通常辅以氮气拉曼信号，有效保证精度的同时避免繁琐校准。 荧光激光雷达方程为（ Measures，1984 Measures，1984 ） <math display="block" id="M61"><msub><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi><mi>E</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>b</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow><mrow/></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>b</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><mi>r</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>=</mo><msub><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi>u</mi></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>E</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></mfenced><mi>ξ</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow></mfenced><mfrac><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac><msub><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>o</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></mfenced><msub><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>o</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>b</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></mfenced><msub><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><mi>r</mi></mrow></mfenced><msub><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>b</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><mi>r</mi></mrow></mfenced><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>r</mi><msub><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>b</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow></mfenced><mfrac><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msup><mi>σ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi><mi>d</mi><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>b</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></mfrac><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>b</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></mfenced></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626259&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626258&type= 139.69999695 9.31333351 式中， <math id="M62"><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi><mi>E</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>b</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></mfrac></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626261&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626260&type= 6.85799980 8.46666718 是每间隔波段内非弹性散射体的能量， <math id="M63"><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>b</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626263&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626262&type= 4.31799984 3.72533321 是收集的回波信号波长， <math id="M64"><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626265&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626264&type= 3.38666677 3.72533321 是激发波长， r 是生物气溶胶所在高度。等式右边分别是能量项、接收几何项（重叠因子 <math id="M65"><mi>ξ</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow></mfenced></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626267&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626266&type= 6.68866634 3.72533321 与接收望远镜口径 <math id="M66"><msub><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626269&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626268&type= 3.21733332 3.72533321 的乘积经过距离订正）、光学参数项、大气参数项、散射体特性项和散射体厚度项。 Stowers等（2006） Stowers等（2006） 成功利用四倍频266 nm紫外激光测量了生物气溶胶颗粒的荧光光谱。德国CBRN研究中心实现了1064 nm波长探测弹性散射信号，532 nm波长测量偏振，266/355 nm作为生物气溶胶荧光激发波长的多波长雷达系统（ Joshi等，2013 Joshi等，2013 ）。 Wojtanowski等（2015） Wojtanowski等（2015） 构建了一台266/355 nm作为激发波长的激光诱导生物气溶胶荧光雷达。目前，在激光诱导荧光探测生物气溶胶的研究方面，国内仍处于起步阶段。2014年兰州大学黄建平教授团队成功搭建了一台多波段拉曼荧光激光雷达系统，355 nm作为激发光源，接收38个波段，对大气状态实现了高精细探测（2014）。西安理工大学饶志敏等构建了一台用于大气生物气溶胶预警和探测的双波长激光诱导荧光雷达系统，覆盖紫外到红外波段，能够实现对生物气溶胶云团的预警跟踪和辨别（ 饶志敏 等，2017 饶志敏 等，2017 ）。 2.6　其他类型激光雷达 2 随着光电技术快速发展，近年来也涌现出一些新型激光雷达用于探测气溶胶，如沙式激光雷达、CCD探测激光雷达和LED激光雷达等。 沙式雷达技术以沙式成像原理为基础，可实现大气后向散射信号的距离分辨探测。沙氏成像原理的优点在于激光雷达回波信号不随距离的平方衰减，不需要运用单光子计数技术，降低了系统对测量动态范围的要求；且近场探测盲区小于100 m，有效解决了传统脉冲式大气激光雷达近距离探测盲区大的问题（ 梅亮，2018 梅亮，2018 ）。2015年，瑞典隆德大学联合挪威纳斯克公司最早利用SLidar技术开展了大气气溶胶遥感探测实验研究工作，初步论证了SLidar技术在大气气溶胶探测方面的可行性（ Brydegaard，2014 Brydegaard，2014 ；Mei和 Brydegaard，2015）。 沙式激光雷达方程可表示为 <math display="block" id="M67"><mi>P</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>λ</mi><mo>,</mo><mtext> </mtext><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mi>K</mi><msub><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow></mfenced><mi>O</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow></mfenced><mi>β</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>λ</mi><mo>,</mo><mtext> </mtext><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>×</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn><msubsup><mo>∫</mo><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn></mrow><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></msubsup><mrow><mi>α</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>λ</mi><mo>,</mo><mtext> </mtext><msup><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">'</mi></mrow></msup></mrow></mfenced></mrow><mi>d</mi><msup><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>'</mi></mrow></msup></mrow></mfenced></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626190&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626189&type= 81.44934082 8.63599968 式中， <math id="M68"><mi>λ</mi></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626324&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626323&type= 2.28600001 2.62466669 是波长； z 是测量距离； <math id="M69"><msub><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow></mfenced></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626272&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626271&type= 8.72066593 4.14866638 是激光器的输出功率； K 是系统常数； <math id="M70"><mi>O</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow></mfenced></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626274&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626273&type= 7.28133297 3.72533321 是几何重叠因子； <math id="M71"><mi>β</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>λ</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626276&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626275&type= 11.00666618 3.89466691 是大气的后向散射系数； <math id="M72"><mi>α</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>λ</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626278&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626277&type= 11.09133339 3.89466691 是大气消光系数； <math id="M73"><mi>P</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>λ</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626280&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626279&type= 11.34533310 3.89466691 是SLidar系统探测到的距离分辨的大气后向散射信号。 CCD雷达，也称侧向激光雷达。该系统将发射装置与接收装置分两处放置，激光器发射出激光，利用大张角的CCD相机对激光光柱进行拍照，进而分析被探测区域的大气性质（ 陶宗明 等，2014 陶宗明 等，2014 ）。侧向激光雷达在近距离段的探测精度很高，可以实现无盲区探测，没有几何因子的问题，特别适合于近距离段的大气气溶胶探测，缺点在于远距离段空间分辨率不高、信噪比较低。目前常把CCD探测与后向散射激光雷达联合在一起进行工作。 Barnes等（2003） Barnes等（2003） 利用CCD相机侧向激光雷达系统在夏威夷的莫纳罗亚山上对大气边界层的气溶胶空间分布进行了探测。国内相关单位利用CCD雷达对近地面的气溶胶进行了探测研究（ 史博 等，2015 史博 等，2015 ； 麻晓敏 等，2018 麻晓敏 等，2018 ； 陶宗明 等，2019 陶宗明 等，2019 ）。 LED光源雷达是近年来出现的一种新型主动式遥感雷达。LED雷达的优点在于选用LED作为探测光源，波长丰富，在进行多波长探测时容易实现气溶胶高分辨率的粒子谱分布探测（ Thurmond等，2016 Thurmond等，2016 ）。但是目前来说LED雷达光源的发散角太大，发射能量偏低，在实际应用中需要复杂的发射光源整形系统。日本千叶大学Tatsuo等学者研制了第一台LED光源大气遥感雷达，该雷达可以实现夜间200 m范围内的气溶胶探测。由于LED雷达体积小、坚固耐用，Tatsuo和Sonoko等在2016年设计了一款可用于火星车探测烟雾和灰尘的LED雷达（ Shiina，2013 Shiina，2013 ； Shiina等，2016 Shiina等，2016 ）。 钟文婷等（2016 钟文婷等（2016 ， 2018） 2018） 设计并研发了新型单波长LED光源雷达系统，探测西安城区上空气溶胶分布。 3　探测气溶胶性质的进展 1 3.1　光学特性 2 气溶胶散射信号与粒径谱、波长、大气折射率、浓度等都有关系。通过测量不同波段的回波信号，可以获得气溶胶光学特性，如消光系数、后向散射系数、雷达比（LR）、气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）、Ångström波长指数等。气溶胶消光系数和后向散射系数是激光雷达方程的两个未知参量。后向散射系数越大表明大气中颗粒物的散射能力越强，反之越弱。影响后向散射系数的因素较多，例如颗粒物浓度，粒子半径，相互之间的关系较复杂。气溶胶消光系数反映了气溶胶消光能力。Ångström 波长指数是度量米散射粒子尺度分布的重要参数。Ångström波长指数的值一般在0—4.0的范围内，与气溶胶的大小密切相关，揭示了消光对入射光波长的依赖关系。当气溶胶粒子半径与入射激光波长相比很大时，Ångström指数接近于0，并随着粒子尺寸的减小而变大（ 狄慧鸽 等，2014 狄慧鸽 等，2014 ）。 目前通过多通道激光雷达系统，可实现气溶胶消光系数、后向散射系数和激光雷达比等光学特性垂直分布的。太阳光度计提供的准确AOD值作为约束条件为精确求解米散射激光雷达方程给予了极大帮助，拉曼或者高光谱分辨率激光雷达的使用使反演总消光系数误差降低到10%，甚至后向散射系数的误差降到5%（Bösenberg和Hoff，2017）。但是要得到较为准确的气溶胶光学特性，难点在于反演算法的不稳定。国内许多学者一直致力于反演方法与激光多次散射问题的研究，发展了不同的多次散射激光雷达方程（ 吕达仁 等，1977 吕达仁 等，1977 ； 周诗健 等，1981 周诗健 等，1981 ； 邱金桓 等，1992 邱金桓 等，1992 ， 2003 2003 ）。 激光雷达在探测气溶胶光学特性方面具有明显的技术优势，例如，黄忠伟等人通过多部激光雷达追踪2010年春季发生在东亚地区的一次大尺度沙尘暴，发现亚洲沙尘气溶胶在5 d内从中国西北部迅速传输到北极。其中SACOL、仙台两地的激光雷达探测沙尘层垂直分布结果如 图4 图4 所示（ Huang等，2015b Huang等，2015b ）。 1,2; 3.2　大小 2 气溶胶尺度大小常用色比CR（Color Ratio）来表示，往往是长波变量（如衰减后向散射系数或消光系数）除以短波变量的比值，即较大的色比值表示颗粒较粗，反之则反。下面给出以532 nm波长和355 nm波长之间的色比： <math display="block" id="M74"><mi>χ</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">532</mn></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">355</mn></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced></mrow></mfrac></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626290&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626289&type= 23.70666695 9.48266602 实际应用中，很难通过色比大小来定量确定粒子尺寸。一般云的色比往往大于气溶胶的，而沙尘气溶胶的色比大于城市污染气溶胶的色比。 气溶胶粒子大小也会随环境因素发生改变。例如，相对湿度的增加会使气溶胶粒径变大，且相对湿度越大，粒径变化越明显。2008年中美联合沙尘天气试验在中国西北进行，利用3个多脉冲激光雷达（MPL）系统以及其他地面仪器和星载遥感技术，测量了沙尘暴的沙尘气溶胶垂直廓线及其远距离输送。 图5 图5 显示为CALIPSO观测到高浓度气溶胶层，该气溶胶层出现在北京时间03：50左右，其色比介于0.6—0.9（ Huang等，2010 Huang等，2010 ）。 3.3　形状 2 气溶胶退偏比可反映其形状的不规则性，理论上球形粒子的退偏比为零，非球形粒子的退偏比大于零。退偏比被认为是鉴别沙尘气溶胶的重要参数，532 nm波长的气溶胶退偏振比达到30%—35%时，可以表明是纯沙尘（ Sugimoto和Lee，2006 Sugimoto和Lee，2006 ； Freudenthaler等，2009 Freudenthaler等，2009 ），冰晶粒子也有较高的退偏比，例如卷云（ Mishchenko和Sassen，1998 Mishchenko和Sassen，1998 ）。 Scholand等（1971）首先利用偏振激光雷达对云进行了探测。经过几十年的发展，目前偏振激光雷达已被广泛应用于探测气溶胶和云的垂直分布（ Ansmann等，1992 Ansmann等，1992 ； Cairo等，1999 Cairo等，1999 ； McGill等，2015 McGill等，2015 ）。偏振激光雷达在区分云相位具有独特的探测能力（ Sassen，1991 Sassen，1991 ）。 Liu等（2002） Liu等（2002） 对亚洲沙尘暴沙尘气溶胶的退偏比和激光雷达比进行了统计分析，更准确地区分云和气溶胶粒子层。 Sassen等（2001） Sassen等（2001） 根据激光雷达区分了各种大气目标，如冰水云、幡状云、降水和气溶胶等。 Liu等（2008） Liu等（2008） 利用CALIPSO激光雷达观测的层平均退偏比研究了对流层沙尘粒子的特征。 周天等（2013） 周天等（2013） 利用层积分后向散射衰减系数和层积分退偏比之间的关系识别塔克拉玛干沙漠上空的沙尘。 Burton等（2014） Burton等（2014） 提出了一种参数化方案，整合了激光雷达比、后向散射比和退偏比三者用以识别气溶胶类型。 应指出的是，研究还发现退偏比不仅取决于颗粒形状，与颗粒的大小和浓度也有关系。青藏高原夏季的沙尘气溶胶在不同海拔高度上的体退偏比发现具有显著的差异（ Huang等，2007 Huang等，2007 ）；大气中相对湿度的增加会使非球形气溶胶转化为球形气溶胶，且非球形气溶胶与球形气溶胶随着海拔升高而逐渐增加（ 孙冉 等，2017 孙冉 等，2017 ）；沙尘气溶胶随着远距离传输和抬升高度增加，受自身重力沉降作用以及其他污染物的吸附和包裹影响，造成不规则程度降低（ 茹建波，2017 茹建波，2017 ）； Huang等（2020） Huang等（2020） 发现沙尘气溶胶在532 nm和355 nm处的DRs比值与气溶胶的吸收系数有很好的关系，证实了沙尘气溶胶的吸收特性导致了紫外和可见波长的退偏比差异。如 图6 图6 所示，气溶胶和云在不同波段退偏比具有显著的差异。 1,2;3; 3.4　组分 2 大气气溶胶的种类很多，按其来源可以分为自然源和人为源，自然源主要是源于海洋、土壤、火山爆发、森林燃烧的粒子，人为源主要是源于人为活动，如化石燃烧等。由于不同气溶胶类型具有不同光学物理特性，为区分气溶胶提供了物理基础。并且气溶胶排放源的空间、时间非均匀性、以及气溶胶老化和二次生成引起的气溶胶变化，也让通过激光雷达来开展气溶胶类型探测研究显得非常必要。目前随着地基激光雷达观测站的增加、星载激光雷达的全球覆盖和观测时间的累积，结合地基和卫星资料，发挥各自所长对气溶胶进行分类，使划分的气溶胶类型更为准确合理，有望极大地提高对气溶胶在全球分布及其气候效应的认识。利用不同波长的偏振测量可以显著改善气溶胶分类（ Burton等，2012 Burton等，2012 ， 2014 2014 ； Huang等，2020 Huang等，2020 ）。目前，CALIOP激光雷达观测数据已被广泛用于评估多种气溶胶类型的气溶胶模型模拟。CALIPSO卫星气溶胶和云的官方分类识别算法经历了多个版本的改进，2016年11月发布的版本4.10（V4）2级气溶胶数据产品，对气溶胶分类和激光雷达比值选择算法进行了重大改进。重新定义气溶胶分类规则，更新所有类型气溶胶的激光雷达比率，使气溶胶的分类更加完善合理，可靠性大大提高。 图7 图7 显示了CALIPSO卫星经过东欧到北非的气溶胶类型分布，通过气溶胶分类算法发现6种气溶胶类型都出现在轨道上（ Omar等，2008 Omar等，2008 ）。 1,2;3; 基于CALIPSO星载激光雷达观测， Huang等（2015b） Huang等（2015b） 融合了MODIS 地表类型、土地利用等多元数据，根据自然沙尘与人为沙尘的后向散射以及退偏比等光学特性的差异，提出了一种人为沙尘气溶胶识别的新方法。 3.5　浓度 2 一般来说，激光雷达回波信号强度越大，说明气溶胶浓度较高，光学厚度也较大。于是气溶胶光学厚度也被广泛用于确定大气中颗粒物的浓度。 现阶段针对全球尺度的气溶胶质量浓度分布的研究主要还是利用被动遥感，从AOD数据中提供区域或全球范围内白天颗粒物浓度的分布。但是被动遥感缺少夜间信息与高垂直分辨率信息，且在高反照率地区反演不确定性较高、受云的影响严重等，难以满足高精度气溶胶反演研究的需求（ Stubenrauch等，2013 Stubenrauch等，2013 ）。 因此，通过高时空分辨率的主动遥感长期连续观测获得可靠的全球颗粒物浓度非常重要。国内外学者提出了利用激光雷达观测反演颗粒物质量浓度垂直分布的方法（ Koelemeijer等，2006 Koelemeijer等，2006 ； Lin等，2015 Lin等，2015 ； Tao等，2016 Tao等，2016 ； Toth等，2019 Toth等，2019 ）。近些年，深度学习技术也被引入反演气溶胶质量浓度的研究中（ Chen等，2018 Chen等，2018 ； Shen等，2018 Shen等，2018 ），但这些研究没有充分考虑气溶胶类型对反演结果的影响，难以满足支持全球气候变化研究的需求。华雯丽等人结合气溶胶退偏比进行粗细粒子分离的反演方法，在实时反演沙尘质量消光系数的基础上，反演了敦煌地区沙尘的质量浓度垂直分布特征（ 华雯丽 等，2018 华雯丽 等，2018 ）。 Ma等（2020） Ma等（2020） 根据CALIPSO星载激光雷达观测，开发了一种反演全球PM 10 & PM 2.5 质量浓度分布的方法，为全球范围内的颗粒物质量浓度提供了一个可靠的高分辨率数据库。2007年—2016年全球平均PM 10 和PM 2.5 质量浓度分布昼夜差异结果。 目前通过传统的算法反演得到气溶胶消光系数廓线和基于粒子谱算法反演得到颗粒物粒子谱分布，结合由米散射理论可以求得颗粒物质量消光效率（MEE）（ 饶志敏，2018 饶志敏，2018 ）： <math display="block" id="M75"><mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">π</mi><msubsup><mo>∫</mo><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></msubsup><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msup><msub><mrow><mi>Q</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>e</mi><mi>x</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>r</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>λ</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>m</mi></mrow></mfenced><mi>n</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow></mfenced><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi><mi>r</mi></mrow></mrow><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></mrow></mfrac><mi mathvariant="normal">π</mi><mi>ρ</mi><msubsup><mo>∫</mo><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></msubsup><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></mrow></msup><mi>n</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow></mfenced><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi><mi>r</mi></mrow></mrow></mfrac></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626314&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626329&type= 50.71533585 15.74800014 式中， r 气溶胶粒子半径； <math id="M76"><mi>ρ</mi></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626318&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626317&type= 1.69333339 3.38666677 为粒子标准密度， <math id="M77"><mi>ρ</mi></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626318&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626317&type= 1.69333339 3.38666677 ＝2（ <math id="M78"><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>⋅</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></mrow></msup></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626320&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626319&type= 11.76866722 3.72533321 ）； <math id="M79"><msub><mrow><mi>Q</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi></mrow></msub></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626322&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626321&type= 4.99533367 4.48733330 为球形粒子消光效率； n 为粒子谱分布情况； m 为负折射率； <math id="M80"><mi>λ</mi></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626324&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626323&type= 2.28600001 2.62466669 为激光波长。 最后，通过气溶胶消光系数与质量消光效率相结合获得颗粒物的质量浓度： <math display="block" id="M81"><mi>C</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>σ</mi><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi></mrow></mfrac></math> http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626326&type= http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=28626325&type= 20.15066719 7.61999989 但是由于现有卫星遥感技术的局限性，直接获取MEE很难。目前常用的方法是地基偏振激光雷达和太阳光度计相结合获得MEE。首先分离沙尘和污染物，获得了沙尘MEE，王天河等（2021）证实了基于微脉冲激光雷达MPL观测可有效获得沙尘质量浓度（DMC）剖面，并评估上述不确定性的影响。2012-04-24敦煌站激光雷达观测到沙尘过程的结果，以及沙尘质量浓度反演结果，如 图8 图8 所示（ Wang等，2021 Wang等，2021 ）。 1,2;3,4; 4　结语 1 激光雷达是大气遥感与环境监测不可或缺的手段，是跨领域多学科交叉的应用系统，需要各技术领域互相协调。目前国内外已经进行了大量有关气溶胶特性的激光雷达观测与研究，积累了大量宝贵的观测资料，取得一批批有价值的成果。随着光电技术、人工智能、精密加工等方面的进一步发展，激光雷达发展必将再上一个新的台阶。今后，气溶胶激光雷达的主要发展趋势有以下几方面： （1）硬件技术方面：将朝着小型化、智能化、易维护、高稳定性等方面发展，甚至在不久的将来实现可搭载在无人机平台上的气溶胶激光雷达； （2）反演算法方面：随着探测参量越来越多，且人工智能算法的加入，将获得更为准确、更丰富的气溶胶参数，例如粒子谱、复折射指数、吸收系数、单次散射反照率SSA等。 （3）地基雷达观测网：目前，全球已经有多个地基激光雷达网，今后将会有更多覆盖更大范围的气溶胶观测网络陆续建立或完善，如兰州大学正在建设的“一带一路”激光雷达网。这些观测网有望发展成为各具特色的、高度融合的全球性数据共享激光雷达网络； （4）星载激光雷达观测：CALIPSO卫星已提供连续15 a的全球气溶胶和云三维时空分布观测资料，2022年4月中国成功发射了大气环境监测卫星，这是全球首颗激光雷达二氧化碳探测卫星，也是中国第一颗可探测全球气溶胶和云三维分布的星载激光雷达卫星。今后还会发射更多的可探测气溶胶的星载激光雷达，例如欧空局和日本宇航局合作的EarthCARE卫星，以及中国即将发射的另一颗星载激光雷达。这些丰富的星载激光雷达观测数据，将极大地推动气溶胶环境与气候效应相关研究。 参考文献 Aloyan A E , Arutyunyan V O , Lushnikov A A and Zagaynov V A . 1997 . 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An overview of aerosol lidar： progress and prospect，26：（5）：834-851 Huang Z W，Wang Y K，Bi J R，Wang T H，Li W R，Li Z and Zhou T. 2022. An overview of aerosol lidar： progress and prospect，26：（5）：834-851 国家自然科学基金（编号：41875029，41627807）； 高等教育学科创新项目-111项目（编号：b13045）； 甘肃省野外科学观测研究站项目（编号：18JR2RA013）； 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金（编号：lzujbky-2021-kb12， lzujbky-2021-kb02， lzujbky-2021-sp04） Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 41875029, 41627807); Higher Education Discipline Innovation Program-111(No.B13045); Gansu Provincial Field Observation And Research Station(No.18JR2RA013); Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. LZUJBKY-2021-KB12, No. LZUJBKY-2021-KB02, No. LZUJBKY-2021-SP04) 2021-06-08 2022-05-07 2022-05-30 2021-12-29 遥感学报 5 26