收稿：2021-10-22，
纸质出版：2023-05-07
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基于伪不变定标场（PICS）的大气层顶反射率（TOA）模型直接计算卫星过境入瞳辐亮度而无需地面测量，为高频次在轨辐射定标及长期性能监测提供了有效技术手段。然而由于严格的空间均匀性、时间稳定性和大气条件要求，现有的PICS定标场均分布在境外而难以满足多在境内成像的国产陆地卫星等定标需求。借鉴PICS的定标思路，本文开展了放宽场地、大气稳定性约束条件的中国陆表稳定目标TOA反射率模型构建方法研究。以中国西北区域的格尔木沙地稳定目标为例，将约束条件放宽至场地面积>3 km×3 km、云覆盖率<60%、空间均匀性<3%、时间稳定性<10%（11年），利用11年的Aqua/MODIS与ECMWF再分析资料分析观测几何及大气参数对TOA反射率的规律性影响，引入地表/大气辐射传输模型中定义的散射角，进一步表征TOA反射率模型中地表—大气间多次散射贡献，构建了一种适用于中国陆表稳定目标的TOA反射率模型。该模型系统偏差小于-0.10%，均方根误差小于0.0084；将Sentinel-2A/B MSI和Landsat 8 OLI的TOA反射率与本文模型计算TOA反射率进行比较，模型计算TOA反射率与Sentinel2A/B MSI观测TOA反射率的平均相对误差小于1.44%，标准差小于1.59%；与Landsat 8 OLI观测TOA反射率的平均相对误差小于1.77%，标准差小于2.11%。验证结果表明本文提出模型的计算值与卫星观测值具有较高的一致性和稳定性，能够应用于其他太阳反射谱段卫星载荷的在轨辐射定标和长期辐射特性监测。
The TOA reflectance model based on Pseudo-Invariant Calibration Sites (PICS) can directly calculate the apparent radiance of a satellite sensor without ground measurement
thus providing an effective technical approach for high-frequency
in-orbit radiometric calibration and long-term satellite performance monitoring. However
due to the strict requirements in spatial uniformity
time stability
and atmospheric conditions
existing PICS calibration sites are all distributed abroad
and meeting the calibration requirements of Chinese land satellites
which are mostly for imaging in China
is difficult. Using the radiometric calibration idea of PICS
this study investigated the construction model of Top of Atmosphere (TOA) reflectance for inland surface stable targets with relaxed sites and atmospheric stability constraints. With the stable target of Golmud Desert in the northwest region as an example
the constraints were relaxed as follows: site area greater than 3 km × 3 km
cloud coverage less than 60%
spatial uniformity less than 3%
and temporal stability less than 10% (11 years). Then
Aqua/MODIS and European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasting reanalysis data of 11 years were used to analyze the regularity of the observed geometry and atmospheric parameters in TOA reflectance
and the scattering angle defined in the surface/atmospheric radiation transmission model was introduced to further characterize the multiple scattering contribution between the surface and atmosphere in the TOA reflectance model. Afterward
a TOA reflectance model suitable for inland stable targets was proposed. The averaged bias and root mean square error of the model were less than 0.10% and 0.0084
respectively. In addition
the TOA reflectance directly observed by Sentinel-2A/B MSI and Landsat 8 OLI were compared with the TOA reflectance calculated by the proposed model. The average relative error between the TOA reflectance calculated by the model and the observations of Sentinel-2A/B MSI was less than 1.44%
and the standard deviation of the relative error did not exceed 1.59%. The average relative error with Landsat 8 OLI observations was less than 1.77%
and the standard deviation of the relative error did not exceed 2.11%. The validation results showed that the calculated TOA reflectance values of the proposed model had high consistency and stability with the satellite observations. Thus
the model can be applied to the on-orbit radiometric calibration and long-term radiation characteristic monitoring of other satellite payloads in the solar reflection spectrum.
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