海洋白帽的高空间分辨率光学遥感估算分析

赵碧; 丁静; 刘建强; 焦俊男; 唐君; 陆应诚

doi:10.11834/jrs.20222106

水环境与资源遥感监测应用 | 浏览量 : 0 下载量: 1048 CSCD: 0

R-PDF
PDF
导出
分享
收藏
专辑

海洋白帽的高空间分辨率光学遥感估算分析
Estimation of oceanic whitecaps using high spatial-resolution optical remote sensing
2023年27卷第1期页码：92-103
收稿：2022-03-10，

纸质出版：2023-01-07
DOI： 10.11834/jrs.20222106
稿件说明：

移动端阅览

赵碧，丁静，刘建强，焦俊男，唐君，陆应诚.2023.海洋白帽的高空间分辨率光学遥感估算分析.遥感学报，27（1）： 92-103 DOI： 10.11834/jrs.20222106.

Zhao B，Ding J，Liu J Q，Jiao J N，Tang J and Lu Y C. 2023. Estimation of oceanic whitecaps using high spatial-resolution optical remote sensing. National Remote Sensing Bulletin， 27（1）：92-103 DOI： 10.11834/jrs.20222106.

摘要

海洋白帽是海面波浪破碎的直观表现，反映了海面风速等海洋动力环境情况，是海气交换的重要通道，也是海洋研究关注的重点目标之一。海洋白帽对入射光具有较强的反射散射作用，随着海洋光学遥感空间分辨率的提高，海洋白帽能被有效识别与区分。在空间分辨率为10 m的哨兵2号卫星（Sentinel-2）多光谱成像仪MSI（Multi-Spectral Instrument）数据的近红外波段（842 nm）中，不同风速下的海洋白帽影像特征清晰；基于海洋白帽对入射光的辐射传输过程与图像特征，本研究利用一种白帽覆盖率的光学遥感估算方法，实现了MSI弱耀光反射图像上的白帽覆盖率估算。研究表明：（1）基于MSI数据估算的海面白帽覆盖率，在无其他海洋环境动力的影响下，能进一步用于海面风速的遥感反演，且具有较高的空间分辨率；（2）其他海洋动力环境要素，能对海面波浪的破碎程度产生调制作用，因此海洋白帽的识别提取也有助于海洋环境动力遥感监测；（3）海面强耀光反射会对海洋白帽遥感带来较大的干扰，导致海面白帽覆盖率的高估，有效剔除耀光反射是提高海洋白帽识别提取精度的重要前提。对中国首个海洋水色业务卫星星座（海洋一号C/D卫星，HY-1C/D）获取的海岸带成像仪CZI（Coastal Zone Imager）数据开展分析，结果表明，在无其他海洋环境动力的调制下，当风速约高于9 m/s时，海洋白帽能为CZI载荷探测并区分，白帽覆盖率随着风速的增加而增加；CZI瑞利校正反射率图像的统计分析还表明，白帽反射率会比背景海水反射率高约5.8%—8.3%；对CZI图像中海洋白帽的深入研究，不仅为大气校正提供数据参考，也有助于光学遥感对海洋环境的深入理解与应用开发。随着海面白帽光学遥感的不断深入，今后将能为海面风场反演、海洋环境动力监测、海气交换评估提供新的技术方法参考。

Abstract

Oceanic whitecaps

generated from wind-wave breaking process

are the medium of air-sea exchange and the indicator of sea surface state. Due to the intense reflection and scattering of incident light

whitecaps can be effectively recognized and distinguished in in-situ photos or videos. Whitecap coverage (

)

defined as the proportion of ocean surface covered by whitecaps

is an important parameter for the quantification of whitecaps. Of course

oceanic whitecaps can also be discriminated in high spatial resolution optical remote sensing images

such as Sentinel-2 MSI and Landsat-8 OLI data. This can provide a new research direction in marine environment observation

and may be further used for wind speed monitoring. However

how to estimate oceanic whitecap coverage from these optical remote sensing images is still a challenge. In this study

the formula of whitecap coverage is obtained by converting the form of radiative equation related with the constant and image reflectance of Sentinel-2 MSI data under some assumptions. The background signal of seawater and atmosphere was eliminated by data optimization

and the signal of whitecaps can be distinguished using regional filtering method. Then

whitecap coverage can be estimated. The identification and estimation results indicate that whitecap coverage derived from Sentinel-2 MSI images are consistent with previous studies using in situ observations in the order of magnitude

and can invert sea surface wind speed using a statistical model. Coarse spatial resolution wind speed images converted from MSI inversion were validated by ERA5 wind speed products from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). In addition

whitecap coverage can imply the modulation of other marine environmental dynamic factors (

e.g

water mass

ocean fronts

ocean eddies and internal waves). Moreover

it should be noted that sunglint reflection is a non-negligible issue for optical remote sensing of oceanic whitecaps whose signal should be effectively eliminated. Examining the MSI-derived results to HY1-C/D CZI

it indicates that whitecaps can be identified in CZI images when wind speed is greater than 9 m/s

and the reflectance difference between whitecaps and background seawater is 5.8%—8.3%. We hope the above results can be used to improve the accuracy of atmospheric correction

and provide new reference for using high spatial resolution optical remote sensing in sea surface wind speed estimation and marine environmental dynamic factors monitoring. This will hopefully expand the research and application fields of ocean color remote sensing.

关键词

Keywords

references

Anguelova M D and Bettenhausen M H . 2019 . Whitecap fraction from satellite measurements: Algorithm description [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans , 124 ( 3 ): 1827 - 1857 [ DOI: 10.1029/2018JC014630 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014630 ]

Anguelova M D and Webster F . 2006 . Whitecap coverage from satellite measurements: A first step toward modeling the variability of oceanic whitecaps [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans , 111 (C 3 ) [DOI: 10.1029/2005JC003158]

Asher W E and Wanninkhof R . 1998 . The effect of bubble-mediated gas transfer on purposeful dual-gaseous tracer experiments . Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans , 103 ( C5 ): 10555 - 10560 [ DOI: 10.1029/98jc00245 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98jc00245 ]

Blanchard D C . 1983 . The production , distribution, and bacterial enrichment of the sea-salt aerosol //Air-Sea Exchange of Gases and Particles. Dordrecht : Springer: 407 - 454 [ DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7169-17 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7169-17 ]

Callaghan A H , Deane G B and Stokes M D . 2008a . Observed physical and environmental causes of scatter in whitecap coverage values in a fetch-limited coastal zone . Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans , 113 ( C5 ): C 05022 [ DOI: 10.1029/2007jc004453 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007jc004453 ]

Callaghan A , de Leeuw G , Cohen L and O'Dowd C D . 2008b . Relationship of oceanic whitecap coverage to wind speed and wind history . Geophysical Research Letters , 35 ( 23 ): L 23609 [ DOI: 10.1029/2008gl036165 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008gl036165 ]

Cox C and Munk W . 1954 . Measurement of the roughness of the sea surface from photographs of the sun’s glitter . Journal of the Optical Society of America , 44 ( 11 ): 838 - 850 [ DOI: 10.1364/josa.44.000838 http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josa.44.000838 ]

Frouin R , Iacobellis S F and Deschamps P Y . 2001 . Influence of oceanic whitecaps on the global radiation budget . Geophysical Research Letters , 28 ( 8 ): 1523 - 1526 [ DOI: 10.1029/2000gl012657 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000gl012657 ]

Frouin R , Schwindling M and Deschamps P Y . 1996 . Spectral reflectance of sea foam in the visible and near-infrared: in situ measurements and remote sensing implications . Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans , 101 ( C6 ): 14361 - 14371 [ DOI: 10.1029/96JC00629 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96JC00629 ]

Garaba S P and Dierssen H M . 2018 . An airborne remote sensing case study of synthetic hydrocarbon detection using short wave infrared absorption features identified from marine-harvested macro- and microplastics . Remote Sensing of Environment , 205 : 224 - 235 [ DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2017.11.023 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.11.023 ]

Goddijn-Murphy L , Woolf D K and Callaghan A H . 2011 . Parameterizations and algorithms for oceanic whitecap coverage . Journal of Physical Oceanography , 41 ( 4 ): 742 - 756 [ DOI: 10.1175/2010jpo4533.1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jpo4533.1 ]

Goddijn-Murphy L , Woolf D K , Callaghan A H , Nightingale P D and Shutler J D . 2016 . A reconciliation of empirical and mechanistic models of the air-sea gas transfer velocity . Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans , 121 ( 1 ): 818 - 835 [ DOI: 10.1002/2015jc011096 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015jc011096 ]

Gordon H R and Wang M H . 1994 . Influence of oceanic whitecaps on atmospheric correction of ocean-color sensors . Applied Optics , 33 ( 33 ): 7754 - 7763 [ DOI: 10.1364/ao.33.007754 http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.33.007754 ]

Harmel T , Chami M , Tormos T , Reynaud N and Danis P A . 2018 . Sunglint correction of the Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI)-SENTINEL-2 imagery over inland and sea waters from SWIR bands [J]. Remote Sensing of Environment , 204 : 308 - 321 [ DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2017.10.022 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.10.022 ]

Hanson J L and Phillips O M . 1999 . Wind sea growth and dissipation in the open ocean . Journal of Physical Oceanography , 29 ( 8 ): 1633 - 1648 [ DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<1633:WSGADI>2.0.CO;2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<1633:WSGADI>2.0.CO;2 ]

Hu C M , Carder K L and Muller-Karger F E . 2000 . Atmospheric correction of SeaWiFS imagery over turbid coastal waters: a practical method . Remote Sensing of Environment , 74 ( 2 ): 195 - 206 [ DOI: 10.1016/s0034-4257(00)00080-8 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-4257(00)00080-8 ]

Hu C M , Li X F , Pichel W G and Muller-Karger F E . 2009 . Detection of natural oil slicks in the NW Gulf of Mexico using MODIS imagery . Geophysical Research Letters , 36 ( 1 ): L 01604 [ DOI: 10.1029/2008gl036119 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008gl036119 ]

Jackson C R and Alpers W . 2010 . The role of the critical angle in brightness reversals on sunglint images of the sea surface [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans , 115 (C 9 ) [DOI: 10.1029/2009JC006037]

Jia N and Zhao D L . 2019 . The influence of wind speed and sea states on whitecap coverage . Journal of Ocean University of China , 18 ( 2 ): 282 - 292 [ DOI: 10.1007/s11802-019-3808-7 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11802-019-3808-7 ]

Kay S , Hedley J D and Lavender S . 2009 . Sun glint correction of high and low spatial resolution images of aquatic scenes: A review of methods for visible and near-infrared wavelengths [J]. Remote sensing , 1 ( 4 ): 697 - 730 [ DOI: 10.3390/rs1040697 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs1040697 ]

Kneizys F X , Shettle E P and Gallery W O . 1981 . Atmospheric transmittance and radiance: the LOWTRAN 5 code // Proceedings Volume 0277 , Atmospheric Transmission. Washington, D.C. : SPIE 277 : 116 - 124 [ DOI: 10.1117/12.931910 http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.931910 ]

Koepke P . 1984 . Effective reflectance of oceanic whitecaps . Applied Optics , 23 ( 11 ): 1816 - 1824 [ DOI: 10.1364/AO.23.001816 http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/AO.23.001816 ]

Kokhanovsky A A . 2004 . Spectral reflectance of whitecaps . Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans , 109 ( C5 ): C 05021 [ DOI: 10.1029/2003jc002177 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003jc002177 ]

Kubryakov A A , Kudryavtsev V N and Stanichny S V . 2021 . Application of Landsat imagery for the investigation of wave breaking . Remote Sensing of Environment , 253 : 112144 [ DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2020.112144 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112144 ]

Lafon C , Piazzola J , Forget P , Le Calve O and Despiau S . 2004 . Analysis of the variations of the whitecap fraction as measured in a coastal zone . Boundary-Layer Meteorology , 111 ( 2 ): 339 - 360 [ DOI: 10.1023/B:BOUN.0000016490.83880.63 http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:BOUN.0000016490.83880.63 ]

Lu Y C , Sun S J , Zhang M W , Murch B and Hu C M . 2016 . Refinement of the critical angle calculation for the contrast reversal of oil slicks under sunglint . Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans , 121 ( 1 ): 148 - 161 [ DOI: 10.1002/2015JC011001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011001 ]

Melville W K . 1996 . The role of surface-wave breaking in air-sea interaction . Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics , 28 ( 1 ): 279 - 321 [ DOI: 10.1146/annurev.fl.28.010196.001431 http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.28.010196.001431 ]

Monahan E C , Fairall C W , Davidson K L and Boyle P J . 1983 . Observed inter-relations between 10 m winds, ocean whitecaps and marine aerosols . Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society , 109 ( 460 ): 379 - 392 [ DOI: 10.1002/qj.49710946010 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710946010 ]

Monahan E C and Muircheartaigh I . 1980 . Optimal power-law description of oceanic whitecap coverage dependence on wind speed . Journal of Physical Oceanography , 10 ( 12 ): 2094 - 2099 [ DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(1980)010<2094:OPLDOO>2.0.CO;2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1980)010<2094:OPLDOO>2.0.CO;2 ]

Monahan E C and Zietlow C R . 1969 . Laboratory comparisons of fresh-water and salt-water whitecaps . Journal of Geophysical Research , 74 ( 28 ): 6961 - 6966 [ DOI: 10.1029/JC074i028p06961 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JC074i028p06961 ]

Moore K D , Voss K J and Gordon H R . 2000 . Spectral reflectance of whitecaps: their contribution to water-leaving radiance . Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans , 105 ( C3 ): 6493 - 6499 [ DOI: 10.1029/1999jc900334 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999jc900334 ]

Myrhaug D and Holmedal L E . 2008 . Effects of wave age and air stability on whitecap coverage . Coastal Engineering , 55 ( 12 ): 959 - 966 [ DOI: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2008.03.005 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2008.03.005 ]

Nicolas J M , Deschamps P Y and Frouin R . 2001 . Spectral reflectance of oceanic whitecaps in the visible and near infrared: aircraft measurements over open ocean . Geophysical Research Letters , 28 ( 23 ): 4445 - 4448 [ DOI: 10.1029/2001gl013556 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001gl013556 ]

Paget A C , Bourassa M A and Anguelova M D . 2015 . Comparing in situ and satellite-based parameterizations of oceanic whitecaps . Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans , 120 ( 4 ): 2826 - 2843 [ DOI: 10.1002/2014jc010328 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014jc010328 ]

Phillips O M . 1985 . Spectral and statistical properties of the equilibrium range in wind-generated gravity waves . Journal of Fluid Mechanics , 156 : 505 - 531 [ DOI: 10.1017/s0022112085002221 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112085002221 ]

Pivaev P D , Kudryavtsev V N , Korinenko A E and Malinovsky V V . 2021 . Field observations of breaking of dominant surface waves . Remote Sensing , 13 ( 16 ): 3321 [ DOI: 10.3390/rs13163321 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13163321 ]

Raizer V Y , Novikov V M and Bocharova T Y . 1994 . The geometrical and fractal properties of visible radiances associated with breaking waves in the ocean . Annales Geophysicae , 12 ( 12 ): 1229 - 1233 [ DOI: 10.1007/s00585-994-1229-3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-994-1229-3 ]

Romero L . 2019 . Distribution of surface wave breaking fronts . Geophysical Research Letters , 46 ( 17/18 ): 10463 - 10474 [ DOI: 10.1029/2019gl083408 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019gl083408 ]

Salisbury D J , Anguelova M D and Brooks I M . 2014 . Global distribution and seasonal dependence of satellite-based whitecap fraction . Geophysical Research Letters , 41 ( 5 ): 1616 - 1623 [ DOI: 10.1002/2014gl059246 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014gl059246 ]

Shen Y F , Liu J Q , Ding J , Jiao J N , Sun S J and Lu Y C . 2020 . HY-1C COCTS and CZI observation of marine oil spills in the South China Sea . Journal of Remote Sensing , 24 ( 8 ): 933 - 944

沈亚峰 , 刘建强 , 丁静 , 焦俊男 , 孙绍杰 , 陆应诚 . 2020 . 海洋一号C星光学载荷对海面溢油的识别能力分析 . 遥感学报 , 24 ( 8 ): 933 - 944 [ DOI: 10.11834/jrs.20209475 http://dx.doi.org/10.11834/jrs.20209475 ]

Thorpe S A , Belloul M B and Hall A J . 1987 . Internal waves and whitecaps . Nature , 330 ( 6150 ): 740 - 742 [ DOI: 10.1038/330740a0 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/330740a0 ]

Wen Y S , Wang M Q , Lu Y C , Sun S J , Zhang M W , Mao Z H , Shi J and Liu Y X . 2018 . An alternative approach to determine critical angle of contrast reversal and surface roughness of oil slicks under sunglint . International Journal of Digital Earth , 11 ( 9 ): 972 - 979 [ DOI: 10.1080/17538947.2018.1470687 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2018.1470687 ]

Wu X Y , Lu Y C , Jiao J N , Ding J , Fu W X and Qian W X . 2022 . Using sea wave simulations to interpret the sunglint reflection variation with different spatial resolutions . IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters , 19 : 1501304 [ DOI: 10.1109/LGRS.2020.3033700 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2020.3033700 ]

Zhang H G , Lou X L , Li Y , Shi A Q , Li D L and Fu B . 2015 . Whitecap features induced by submarine sand waves in stereo optical imagery . Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans , 120 ( 9 ): 6225 - 6233 [ DOI: 10.1002/2015jc010947 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015jc010947 ]

文章被引用时，请邮件提醒。

提交

中国近海绿潮生物量的卫星光学遥感估算

基于时序Sentinel-2和Landsat 8影像的入侵植物互花米草治理方式识别与动态监测

多源光学遥感数据对近海溢油的监测效能分析